NANOBOT – THE ARTIFICIAL BLOOD

NANOBOT – THE ARTIFICIAL BLOOD

Content List:

• Main Terms Defined
• 
  
• Introduction
• History of Artificial blood (nanobots)
• Components of Nanorobots
• Properties of Nanobots
• Parts
• Biomimetic
• Introduction of Respirocytes
• Introduction to Microbivore
• Introduction to Clottocytes
• Function of Artificial Blood with respect to Natural Blood
• Are They Safe?
• Applications
• Conclusion
• References

Main Terms Defined:

-          Nanotechnology:

It is a field where devices are made with the precision to the scale of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). This scale yields precision level at atomic and molecular level. Nanotechnology is also referred as molecular manufacturing. This technology has varieties of applications in a wide range of fields like chemistry, biology, physics and computer science.

-          Nanobots

Nanobots are also termed as nano-robots, these robots are actually nanometers sized.

Introduction:

Envision of a future ‘’vasculoid’’ (vascular-like machine) was done by Robert A. Freitas. It was envisioned that it will take place of the human blood with few 500 trillion nanobots dispersed throughout the body’s vasculature as an overlay. The study was derived to medical nanobots called respirocytes which is resembling red blood cells. The nanobots are basically a simulated nanoscale device consisting of a sensor and a motor which is likely to perform specific tasks.

This study can abolish cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and other vascular problem such as pathogens, harmful microbes, viral diseases and drain tumor cells to minimize the extent of the bloodborne disease; smooth movement of lymphocytes to improve the immune system; minimizes vulnerability to chemical, biochemical, and parasitic poisons; refine physical tolerance and energy; and mostly keeps defense from various accidents and other physical damage.

With the futuristic molecular nanotechnology, one could put blood with a simple complex robot. This kind of robot has the ability to resemble all vital thermal and biochemical transport functions of the blood cell like flow of the respiratory gases, dextrose, hormones, cytokines, excess waste leftovers and all the vital cellular compounds. This robot works by adhering to the blood of the human with no harm to the body. This nanotechnology is a mechanically engineered redesigned human blood also called artificial blood. It has no harm on any part of the human host body.

Molecular nanotechnology is basically creation of precise device at a molecular level, as the human body is made up of various molecules, this nanotechnology can have huge impact on the medical history of human services.

Nanobots will have remarkable involvement for the medical field. It will be an effective way to diagnosis and treat patients and transform the collagen system which in return is the improvement of the human health with precision of molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body.

History of Artificial blood (nanobots):

The demands of synthetic blood raised because of our day by day habitual and the meals that we consume including dangerous elements which wreck our blood, so there comes the need of synthetic blood and also because of the raised demands of blood in case of emergency.

The first scientist to mention the term ‘’nanobots’’ was a physicist Richard Feynman in 1959; when he gave his popular talk named ‘’There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom.’’ He predicted about nanochips and nanobots for the curing of heart diseases. The first study was done by Robert Freitas on nanobots.

Later, the scientist Eric Drexler, encourage by the term in return published his book ‘’Engines of Creation’’, where genetically programmed molecular machines had been stated as upcoming technology in cellular biology. The first experimental study related to nanobots was made by Robert Freitas. It turned into related to medical nanobots called respirocytes; such as red blood cells. Nanobots can be defined as a controllable nanoscale machine composed of a sensor and a motor, successful by acting precise responsibilities. These are not resemblance to drone, instead these are more similar to a complex piece of fabric. Robert Wood defined these as machines that detect friends or enemies; undergoing through a complex changing when they sense an enemy, catalyzing the release of a substance that can’t have an act towards them.

According to medical folklore, the first recorded blood transfusion was done by ancient Incas. There was no real success reported until the year 1616, when it was discovered that how blood is circulated throughout the body by William Harvey. In the following years, medical researchers experimented various substances such as beer, urine, milk, plant resins and sheep blood as a replacement of blood. The expectation was to cure diseases and even change personality with the replacing of one’s blood.

The first experimental successful blood transfusion was done in 1667. Unfortunately, the experiment turned into halted because the patients who received next transfusions died.

In typical we speak how nanobots are used as artificial blood because of this that the affected person having blood group which may be very rare (-O) may be stored with the assist of nanobots.

Components of Nanorobots:

The various parts in nanobot consist of power supply, gasoline buffer tank, sensors, motors, manipulators, onboard computer systems, pumps, strain tanks and structural assist. The substructures in a nanobot consist of:

1.      Payload: This void phase holds a small dose of drug/medication. The nanobots should transverse within the blood and release the drug to the website of contamination/injury.

2.      Micro digicam: The nanobot might also consist of a miniature digital camera. The operator can steer the nanorobot whilst navigating through the body manually.

3.      Electrodes: The electrode installed at the nanobot could form the battery using the electrolytes within the blood. These protruding electrodes may also kill the most cancer cells by means of generating an electric powered cutting-edge, and heating the cells up to death.

4.      Lasers: These lasers may want to burn the dangerous fabric like arterial plaque, blood clots or most cancer cells.

5.      Ultrasonic signal turbines: These turbines are used when nanobots are used to goal and wreck kidney stones.

6.      Swimming tail- The nanorobot would require a way of propulsion to get into the frame as they travel towards the go with the flow of blood inside the body.

The nanorobot can have motors for motion and manipulator fingers or mechanical leg for mobility. The two predominant methods followed in production of nanorobots are Positional meeting and Self meeting. In self meeting, the arm of a miniature robotic or a microscopic set is used to pick out the molecules and bring together manually. In positional meeting, the investigators will be placed billions of molecules together and allow them to routinely assemble based on their natural affinities into the favored configuration. Nanorobot Control Design is the software program developed for simulating nanorobots in environment with fluids that is ruled by Brownian motion. The nanorobots have chemical sensors which could hit upon the goal molecules.

The nanorobots are provided with swarm intelligence for decentralization pastime. Swarm intelligence techniques are the algorithms designed for synthetic intelligence of the nanorobot. The swarm intelligence method is been inspired with the aid of the behavior of social animals along with ants, bees and termites which paintings collaboratively without a centralized manage. The three important types of swarm intelligence strategies deigned are ant colony optimization (ACO), artificial bee colony (ABC) and particle swarm optimization (PSO)

Properties of Nanobots:

Using organic materials such as proteins and polynucleotides, or inorganic materials such as metals of diamonds. These nanobots are manufactured by layering gold nanowires with a hybrid of red blood cell membranes and platelets. The main element is the solubility and the interconnection with other cells and macromolecules. The sizing of the nanobots eventually has an effect on their motion, percolation and reaction. Metal ought to have double purposes, such as silver. It can be the bottom of a nanobot and to have an antibacterial effect. In a few cases, they can act as a virus causing non changeable cell damage. Different various extracellular nanostructures could be used a s a model. Ga et al. used spiral water conduction vessels of plants coated with thin Ti and Ni layers, attaining green propulsion in organic media. Depending on the fuel used, the propulsion mechanism may be biocompatible or now not.

Parts

One of the main elements which interest the research of nanobots in medicine has been to develop an effective treatment that could target the specific site where it is much needed to be which can minimize the damage to the healthy parts of the body that any regular treatment could cause. This idea shows having nanobots designed to come across and mobilize to a determined a part of the body where the problem is placed and, with the best scenario sends good feedbacks. Because of these determinant duties (come across and mobilize), two devices may be diagnosed as critical:

1.      Sensors

2.      Propulsion device

And from this fact it maybe deduced some other devices may be required as well, like power supplies and nano computers, without the deduction devices to manufacture a specific task like storage compartments or manipulators.

1.     Sensors:

Sensors are one of the most crucial elements in nanobots. Mechanical, thermal, optical, magnetic, chemical and biological sensors were tested in nanobots programs. Any sensor that makes use of a nanoscale phenomenon for its operation is classified as a nano sensor. On the organic element, biosensors utilize organic reactions for detecting goal analytes and thinking about the requirements to operate the targeted treatment which is highly desired by nanobots in medicine, this type of sensors are the most evident devices to be explored in the field of nanotechnology. However, in general, sensors have two main functions to the surface, detecting the presence of the target molecules and not directly understand the amount of harm that exists from the alternate inside the functional properties of nanobots.

2.      Propulsion equipment

Propulsion is in charge of the movement of nanobots, and this is the purpose why many extraordinary vehicles and propulsion equipment in standard have been designed. Nanomotors can be defined as nanoscale gadgets with their personal propulsion, obtaining energy via chemical reactions of the medium, power, magnetic or acoustic fields. Even so, this scale; the main ones are due to the viscosity and Brownian movement. It ought to be noted that Brownian movement corresponds to the random motion of particles due to the thermal collisions among the molecules of the solvent and the colloidal particles. In other phrases, the main problem I having a nanobot with sufficient strength to overcome the properties of a fluid in the nanoscale and achieve movement.

Biomimetics:

Biomimetics means synthetic technique imitating biochemical activity.

With the help of nanobots, researcher has made artificial blood imitating the natural blood of the human body.

The artificial blood consists of:

•  Respirocytes 
• Microbivores 
• Clottocytes

Introduction of Respirocytes:

These artificial respirocytes are in hollow shape, spherical nanomedical machine which is 1 micron in diameter. The structural of the respirocyte is mainly built of precise arrangement of structural atoms moreover has 9 billion molecules to clasps on when it is fully filled. Respirocytes are tiny nanodevices, minute machine-like devices manufactured to function on a molecular level. These are resemblance to red blood cells, which has the ability to carry O₂ and CO₂ through the body.

Respirocytes consists of 3 principal storage tanks:

• -          One for O₂
• -          One for CO₂
• -          Ballast water,

Generation of power is done by combining dextrose taken in from the bloodstream and oxygen from internal storage with the help of chemo mechanical turbine or fuel cell. Which is changed to mechanical power, this drives the molecular sorting rotors and other sub units like of bacteria flagella. The powerplant inserted produces 0.3 picowatts of energy, which is quiet well for the filling of O₂ in the tank within 10 seconds. A fluid filled does the working to transmit power. Dispersion of power is running with sliding rods and gear trains, or using valves and pipes and is managed by computer. The charge and un-charging of the respiratory gas is controlled sharply by computer.

-          How Respirocytes Works?

A typical human body consists of 28.5 trillion red blood cells, each of which contains 270 million hemoglobin molecules that is bind to four O₂ molecules per hemoglobin. Whereas only 25% of stored O₂ is reachable to the tissue from between 95% saturation (arterial) and 70% saturation (venous).

Likewise, each respirocyte has storage of up to 1.51 billion O₂ molecules, of which 100% is reachable to the tissues. And to fully mimic the human blood active ability, their made 5.36 trillion machines.

One is therapeutic dose which imitate the natural red cell function which carries the respiratory gas requirements whereas, one of aa remarkable nanotechnology manufacture is the nanobot- the artificial blood which has the natural human capabilities. Largest number of respirocyte can be inserted into the bloodstream to infuse maximum amount of oxygen permanently. With this you can hold your breath for 3.8 hours at a normal metabolic rested rate as it has the dosage of about 1 liter of 50% respirocyte which can insert 954 trillion nanodevices into your bloodstream.

Introduction to Microbivore

Microbivores are considered to be used in human medical services for a wide variety of antimicrobial therapeutic reason and is the huge class of medical nanobots for human body. The device is very simple: an intravenous (I.V.) microbivore having principal function to destroy microbiological pathogens which is found in bloodstream of the human. With the method of ‘’digest and discharge’’. These microbivores operate as artificial white blood cells or nanorobotic phagocytes used to guard the bloodstream by seeking out and engulfing unwanted waste or pathogens including bacteria, viral diseases or fungi.

-          How Microbivore Works?

During the procedure of the nanorobot, a target bacterium is adhered to the surface of the bloodborne microbivore like a glue on a paper with the help of species-specific reversible binding sites. Telescoping robot grapples emerge from silos inside the device floor, establish relaxed anchorage to the microbe’s plasma membrane, the engulfs the pathogen to the ingestion port at the front of the device in which the pathogen cell is internalized right into a 2 micron³ morcellation chamber. After sufficient mechanical mincing, the chopped-up fragments of the cell are piston into a separate 2 micron³ digestion chamber in which already programmed sequence of 40 engineered enzymes are successively injected and extracted 6 times, gradually decreasing the mash into amino acids, mononucleotides, simple fatty acids and sugars. Through an exhaust port, these simple molecules are then smoothly discharged into the bloodstream at the rear of the device.

Advantage of this the no matter how the bacterium is resistance to certain antibiotics or to any other traditional treatments, these microbivores will engulf and eat it up anyway which is remarkably achieved the complete clearance of the most sever bloodborne infections in minutes to hours rather than the use of present day antibiotics which take several weeks or months. These are 1000 times faster than any phagocytic defenses.

Introduction to Clottocytes:

the clottocyte is a, theoretical, layout by Robert A. Freitas Jr. for and artificial, mechanical platelet. The response time of a clottocyte would be on the scale of 100 or 1000 times faster than nature’s platelets, reaching whole hemostasis in as quick as 1 second. Clottocytes might have several distinct benefits over their natural counterparts. For example, drugs such as aspirin can affect platelet functioning drastically. Whereas, clottocytes would be immune to these effects of drugs and this could operate smoothly which no interruption in the bloodstream regardless of chemical fluctuation. This is the unique benefits of nanotechnology which brought artificial blood consisting one of these clottocytes and also with the help of biotechnology. These are 10,000 times more effective than natural platelets in coagulation of blood at the injured sites.

-          How Clottocytes Works?

The normal requirement of platelets in the bloodstream is of concentration at approximately 0.01% eventually clottocytes would be approximately 2-micron diameter sphere shaped nanobots which is powered by serum oxyglucose and programmed and operated by an onboard nano computer. They might include a compactly folded fiver mesh which may be unfurled inside the instant place of a damaged blood vessel. The overlapping nettings deployed by the way of activated clottocytes would trap blood cells and halt bleeding almost at once.

Function of Artificial Blood with respect to Natural Blood:

1.      Respirocytes resembling Red Blood Cell

Respirocytes	Red Blood Cell
a.      These are minute nanomedical machine, sizing 1 micron in diameter created to function at a molecule scale level.	a.      RBC are of 6.2-8.2 µm, it is much smaller than other human cells.
b.      These respirocytes has a function of transferring O2 and CO2 molecules to the rest of the body as artificial red blood.	b.      97-98% of O2 from lungs to body tissues is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin.
c.       These were used instead of natural blood cells in case of critical emergency for a short-term replacement.	c.       23% of CO2 from the body tissues to the lungs is also transported by hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin.
d.      These are also used with the removal of other gases in the bloodstream.
e.       Respirocytes could also be implicated as a complete or partial indicative treatment for all forms of anemia problems.

2.      Microbivores resembling White Blood Cell

Microbivores	White Blood Cell
a.      These nanobots operates just like white blood cells in human bodies, but are manufactured mostly to be faster at killing the bacteria or foreign particles.	a.      The guarding of the body as a soldier is done by Neutrophils which eats up the invading foreign microbes with the help of phagocytosis.
b.      These microbivores nanobots has the function to attach antibodies to a specific bacterium that the robot has the command to seek.	b.      prevention of blood coagulation in the blood vessel is done by basophil which secretes heparin.
c.       After bacterium is attaches to an antibody. The nanobot claps onto the bacteria and moves it to the internal compartment of the nanobot where it is destroyed. After the destruction of the bacteria, its small harmful fragments are released into the bloodstream.	c.       Eating up destroyed and dead cells to keep body clean of waste is done by monocytes which acts like a scavenger.
	d.      Healing of damaged or wounded cells is done with the help of Acidophiles.
	e.       Immunity from pathogens and disease with the production of antibodies is done by lymphocytes.

3.      Clottocytes resembling Platelets

Clottocytes	Platelets
a.      It is an artificial platelet	a.      When injured these platelets function by release an enzyme called thromboplastin which causes the coagulation of the blood forming clot to prevent excessive bleeding and bacterial invasion.
b.      Reduces the time for the blood to clot.
c.       Hemostatic in less than 1 second even for large wounded areas.

Are They Safe?

Respirocytes are extremely dependable. An easy evaluation of probably radiation harm suggests that the common respirocyte need to final about 2 decades earlier than failing. If a malfunction of strength happens even as the respirocytes is in your bloodstream, its temperature won’t increase at all. Th reason is because the 7.3 picowatts of continuous thermal energy, the device can easily absorb by the huge heat sink which has a bountiful hear capacity. Each device consists of up to 0.24 micro3 of O2 and CO2 gas at 1000 atm pressure which shows 24 picojoules of stored mechanical energy. If in case the device is destroyed or blast in air, there is no acoustic shockwave. Whereas if it blasts in the human tissue, then water temperature increases by 0.04oC. so, a single-device blast is unlike to create embolic or other harmful damage.

Therefore, even bombardment of these biomimetics or with their spinning sorting rotors cause no harm or serious damage physically to their other cells in the bloodstream such as platelets, WBC, RBC or natural RBC or blood vessels. Laboratory tests show that diamonded surface is very biocompatible.

Applications:

These nanobot artificial blood can offer a:

• -          Temporary substitute for natural blood cells in case of emergency.
• E.g. If a man or a woman has lost entry to natural oxygen supply due to drowning, choking, or another form of asphyxia, respirocytes can launch oxygen all through the bloodstream till the risk has eliminated.
• -          Destruction of harmful foreign particles e.g. Viral disease, pathogens etc.
• -          Microbivores in artificial blood operates just like white blood cells in human bodies, but are manufactured mostly to be faster at killing the bacteria or foreign particles.
• -          Respirocytes used for other problems with gases in the bloodstream. If one inhales Carbon monoxide or other poisonous gases, special respirocytes designed to capture the ones precise molecules to clean the body quickly.
• -          Beneficial utility is in deep sea diving. If a diver dives too fast, she or he frequently suffers from the ‘’bends’’, a problem caused by dissolved nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream. These respirocytes are designed to capture nitrogen molecules throughout the dives.
• -          With the use of artificial blood, one can also preserve living tissues particularly at low temperature, for grafts (kidney, marrow, liver and pores and skins) and for organ transplantation.
• -          Respirocytes could also be used as a whole or partial symptomatic remedy for surely all kinds of anemia.
• -          Artificial blood via nanobot could assist the kind of lung diseases and situations ranging in severity from hay fever, allergies and loud night breathing to tetanus, pneumonia and polio.
• -          The device can also make contributions to the fulfillment of positive extraordinarily aggressive cardiovascular and neurovascular procedures, tumor treatments and diagnostics.
• -          The ‘’nano lung’’ is an exciting design alternative to augmentation infusion is a therapeutic population of respirocytes that loads and unloads at an artificial nano lung, a diamond stress tanks, the aerobots in this scene are used in the lungs for detection of pathogens, medical remedy, and mobile repair.
• -          Respirocytes can supply oxygen to muscle tissues quicker than the lungs can offer for the event of sports to help with athletes.
• -          Artificial blood substitutes may additionally have huge use in veterinary medicine, mainly in cases of vehicular trauma and kidney failure wherein transfusions are required, and in battlefield programs demanding blood for the employee’s overall performance enhancement.

Conclusion:

Within the subsequent 20 years nanotechnology will strengthen significantly, and may be absolutely capable of generating tiny complicated machines. The development of nanodevices that assemble different nanomachines will permit for big reasonably-priced production. Thus, respirocytes could be synthetic economically and abundantly.

The ability to construct merchandise by molecular manufacturing would create a radical development in the manufacture of technologically advanced merchandise. Everything from computer systems to weapons to consumer goods, and even computer factories, could become incredibly reasonably-priced and smooth to construct. If that is possible, the policy implications are great.